Abstract
Elements in speech and music unfold sequentially over time. To produce sentences and melodies quickly and accurately, individuals must plan upcoming sequence events, as well as monitor outcomes via auditory feedback. We investigated the neural correlates of sequential planning and monitoring processes by manipulating auditory feedback during music performance. Pianists performed isochronous melodies from memory at an initially cued rate while their electroencephalogram was recorded. Pitch feedback was occasionally altered to match either an immediately upcoming Near-Future pitch (next sequence event) or a more distant Far-Future pitch (two events ahead of the current event). Near-Future, but not Far-Future altered feedback perturbed the timing of pianists’ performances, suggesting greater interference of Near-Future sequential events with current planning processes. Near-Future feedback triggered a greater reduction in auditory sensory suppression (enhanced response) than Far-Future feedback, reflected in the P2 component elicited by the pitch event following the unexpected pitch change. Greater timing perturbations were associated with enhanced cortical sensory processing of the pitch event following the Near-Future altered feedback. Both types of feedback alterations elicited feedback-related negativity (FRN) and P3a potentials and amplified spectral power in the theta frequency range. These findings suggest similar constraints on producers’ sequential planning to those reported in speech production.
Highlights
Many everyday behaviors, such as having a conversation, writing a note, and driving a car, involve the production of action sequences
The current study investigated the relationship between performers’ planning and feedback monitoring processes by presenting altered auditory feedback corresponding to upcoming sequence events during music performance
This study provides the first neural support for the finding in speech production and music performance that planning of upcoming events in a sequence is influenced by the serial proximity of the future events
Summary
Many everyday behaviors, such as having a conversation, writing a note, and driving a car, involve the production of action sequences. Evidence for future-oriented planning during sequential tasks comes from anticipatory ordering errors, in which upcoming sequence events are produced earlier in the sequence than intended Documented in both speech production [2,3] and music performance [4,5,6], anticipatory errors suggest that producers have access to a range of upcoming events in a sequence at any given time during production. Serial ordering errors during music performance tend to arise more often from closer sequence distances than from farther distances [7,8,9] This tendency suggests that producers have increased access to events intended for nearer in the future compared to events
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