Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) have received much attention in both fundamental and practical studies because they have electrical and electrochemical properties similar to those of both traditional semiconductors and metals. CPs possess excellent characteristics such as mild synthesis and processing conditions, chemical and structural diversity, tunable conductivity, and structural flexibility. Advances in nanotechnology have allowed the fabrication of versatile CP nanomaterials with improved performance for various applications including electronics, optoelectronics, sensors, and energy devices. The aim of this review is to explore the conductivity mechanisms and electrical and electrochemical properties of CPs and to discuss the factors that significantly affect these properties. The size and morphology of the materials are also discussed as key parameters that affect their major properties. Finally, the latest trends in research on electrochemical capacitors and sensors are introduced through an in-depth discussion of the most remarkable studies reported since 2003.
Highlights
Over the past several decades, conducting polymers (CPs) have gained increasing attention owing to their strong potential as alternatives to their inorganic counterparts, leading to significant fundamental and practical research efforts
It is known that the parameters that most affect the physical properties of Conducting polymers (CPs) are their conjugation length, degree of crystallinity, and intra- and inter-chain interactions
We have described the electrical and electrochemical studies of CPs that have become important over the last few decades
Summary
Over the past several decades, conducting polymers (CPs) have gained increasing attention owing to their strong potential as alternatives to their inorganic counterparts, leading to significant fundamental and practical research efforts. Researchers in this field have opportunities in diverse fields ranging from electronics to energy devices Researchers in this field reported a variety of strategies to obtain CP-based composites and hybrids with novel structures and have reported a variety of strategies to obtain CP-based composites and hybrids with novel structures improved properties. CP nanocomposites containing carbon nano-species as graphene, carbon nanofibers, and carbon nanotubes have been developed [4,5,6,7]. These carbon nanosuch as graphene, carbon nanofibers, and carbon nanotubes have been developed [4,5,6,7] These carbon species improved the structural ordering of the CP chains and facilitated delocalization of the charge nano-species improved the structural ordering of the CP chains and facilitated delocalization of carriers, resulting in enhanced conductivity. Trends in research on the applications of CPs have been summarized
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