Abstract
Even though the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) used in conventional vehicles is one of the major causes of global warming and air pollution, the emission of toxic gases is also harmful to living organisms. Electric propulsion has been developed in modern electric vehicles to replace the ICE.The aim of this research is to use both the Simulink and Simscape toolboxes in MATLAB to model the dynamics of a light commercial vehicle powered by electric propulsion. This research focuses on a Volkswagen Crafter with a diesel propulsion engine manufactured in 2020. A rear-wheel driven electric powertrain based on a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor was designed to replace its front-wheel driven diesel engine in an urban environment at low average speeds.In this research, a Nissan Leaf battery with a nominal voltage of 360 V and a capacity of 24 kWh was modelled to serve as the energy source of the electric drivetrain. The New European Driving Cycle was used in this research to evaluate the electric propulsion. Another test input such as a speed ramp was also used to test the vehicle under different road conditions. A Proportional Integral controller was applied to control the speed of both the vehicle and synchronous motor. Different driving cycles were used to test the vehicle. The vehicle demonstrated a good tracking capability in each type of test. In addition, this research determined that the fuel economy of electric vehicles is approximately 19% better than that of conventional vehicles.
Highlights
Environmental effects such as air pollution and global warming which are harmful to our health are primarily caused by internal combustion engines (ICE) in conventional vehicles
According to our literature review, numerous papers have focused on electric vehicles, e.g., Wahono et al [6] who compared three forms of range extender engines for electric cars based on simulations to overcome some disadvantages of Electric Vehicles (EV) over conventional vehicles driven by ICEs
Only three cycles of 200 seconds in duration were used in the "NEDC." Other driving cycles such as the "Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS)," were used to test our electric vehicle
Summary
Environmental effects such as air pollution and global warming which are harmful to our health are primarily caused by internal combustion engines (ICE) in conventional vehicles. After reviewing the literature on Electric Vehicles (EV), they drew up different design and development processes in terms of vehicle modelling, EV configurations, battery management and electrical machine drives. Shariff et al [4] stated that ‘Greenhouse gas According to our literature review, numerous papers have focused on electric vehicles, e.g., Wahono et al [6] who compared three forms of range extender engines for electric cars based on simulations to overcome some disadvantages (such as the weight) of EVs over conventional vehicles driven by ICEs. A further study by Marmaras et al [7] simulated the driver behaviour of EVs in road transport networks and electrical grids. The cars were considered to be typical smart mechatronics systems. New trends in smart systems are summarised in Ref. Since it is difficult to formulate the exact dynamic equations of a car, Aracil et al [9] proposed the Hardware-In-the-Loop simulation as an opti-
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