Abstract
Microgrids (MGs) offer a new paradigm for the operation of electricity networks, allowing end users to significantly improve the power quality and, more importantly, reliability of their power supply systems. While it is clear that MGs offer a significant advantage by providing electricity to customers who would otherwise be disconnected during outages, there are numerous issues with the safe, secure, and efficient operation of MGs, the most basic being integrated management and coordinated control of all resources in grid-connected and off-grid modes. A valuable component that can provide new opportunities for increased reliability of the system and reduced vulnerability to faults is the electric vehicle (EV). One of the major benefits of utilizing EV energy storage is the mobility feature of EVs, which can add great value to the restoration of the power distribution system. The main aim of this work is to understand and model how EV batteries can be used as an intelligent energy reservoir, utilizing both controllable loads (home-to-vehicle and grid-to-vehicle) and controllable energy storage (vehicle-to-home and vehicle-to-grid). This requires modeling the stochastic behavior of EV driving and charging/discharging as well as quantifying the impact of utilizing EV energy storage to restore service to customers. This paper proposes an EV Markov adequacy model that evaluates the reliability of an MG distribution system utilizing EVs and investigates EV mobility and available capacity modeling and EV system adequacy analysis, including the effects on the system reliability of the EV capacity, driving behavior, recharging mode, and EV penetration.
Highlights
Increasing requirements to decarbonize and improve the efficiency of the energy supply will impact future electricity networks, leading to significant increases in renewable energy generation; larger numbers of electric vehicles (EVs); radical transformation of transmission and distribution networks; and the introduction of intelligent and automated control, monitoring, and communication infrastructures [1]
Because EVs mainly affect local distribution systems, previous studies have mostly tried to determine how different distribution system characteristics will be affected by EVs
In order to fill this gap, this paper presents a detailed Markov model of EVs aimed at assessing the reliability of a distribution power system
Summary
Increasing requirements to decarbonize and improve the efficiency of the energy supply will impact future electricity networks (i.e., smart grids), leading to significant increases in renewable energy generation; larger numbers of electric vehicles (EVs); radical transformation of transmission and distribution networks; and the introduction of intelligent and automated control, monitoring, and communication infrastructures [1] This is necessary in order to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and related CO2 emissions while maintaining the highest possible levels of security, sustainability, and affordability of the electricity supply. Additional support and contributions are needed from the demand side, with the demand for electricity being actively controlled and coordinated This will increase opportunities for more direct and proactive system support and result in profound changes in the levels and nature of system–user interactions, shifting actual system operating and loading conditions well outside the traditionally assumed ranges, limits, and physical boundaries. Evaluating the reliability of MGs is a challenging task due to the expected networked connections and the stochastic behavior of EV-based and renewable-based resources
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