Electric vehicle charging infrastructure and dc microgrids

Abstract

With substantial growth in sales of electric vehicles (EVs) globally, there is a push for expansion of the recharging infrastructure to service these vehicles. Over 2 million of electric cars (battery-electric and plug-in hybrid electric), 200 million electric motorcycles and 345 thousand buses (primarily in China) were deployed worldwide by the end of 2016, and over 1.2 million of electric cars were sold globally in 2017 alone. However, the global electric car stock made only a 0.2% of the total number of passenger cars globally in 2017. Assessments of country targets, original equipment manufacturer announcements and deployment scenarios for electric cars indicate that the number of EVs will range between 9 and 20 million by 2020 and between 40 and 70 million by 2025. Furthermore, a number of countries have decided to end the sales of fossil-fuel-powered cars in the near future (Norway by 2025, India and Netherlands by 2030, Scotland by 2032, France and rest of the United Kingdom by 2040), further accelerating the shift to electric transportation. The electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) is closely following the EV stock growth, with 2.3 million EVSE outlets (including 110,000 publicly available fast-charging outlets) available globally in 2016, and predicted six-fold increase in the available outlets by 2025. The fastest growing EVSE market is the Chinese market, with over 88,000 publicly available fast-charging outlets in 2016.