Electric School Buses: Catalysts for Peak Shaving and Load Leveling in V2G Systems

Abstract

This comprehensive research paper navigates the complexities arising from the peak demand for electric vehicle (EV) charging during traditional peak hours within the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) systems framework. The crux of the matter lies in the emergence of grid congestion—a critical issue leading to inefficiencies, voltage fluctuations, and potential disruptions in power supply. The paper highlights the challenges associated with grid congestion, mentioning its implications on the reliability of V2G services. Overburdened charging infrastructure not only results in delays and increased maintenance requirements but also elevates the likelihood of technical failures, further jeopardizing the stability of the entire energy distribution system. To address these challenges, the paper explores the concepts of peak shaving and load leveling as strategic interventions in energy management. Peak shaving, an approach aimed at mitigating the highest peaks in electrical load profiles, seeks to minimize electricity costs by avoiding or mitigating peak demand charges—a significant component of commercial or industrial electricity bills. On the other hand, load leveling endeavors to balance electrical loads over specific periods, ensuring a consistent and stable load profile. These strategies involve utilizing energy storage systems, demand response programs, and innovative grid technologies to optimize electrical power consumption.