Abstract
Electric field-assisted solid phase extraction using syringe type cartridges (E-SPE) is a recent approach with a high capacity to obtain differential selectivity and/or recovery in comparison with conventional solid phase extraction (SPE). In this work, E-SPE was employed for the extraction of the anionic dye sunset yellow. During the washing step the electric field was evaluated with the top electrode negatively (E-SPE(–/+)) or positively charged (E-SPE(+/–)) and the results were compared with conventional SPE to understand how the electrochromatographic parameters can influence the recovery of the dye. Using the E-SPE(–/+) the electric field can increase the elution of the dye from the cartridge by over 57-fold. This notable result can be attributed to the electrophoretic velocity of the dye in the direction of the flow rate of the eluent. These results demonstrated that E-SPE is an interesting approach to elute ionic compounds with reduced volumes of eluent or less amount of organic solvent.
Highlights
The development of analytical separation techniques, such as ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography, both coupled to mass spectrometry, has allowed the determination of trace levels of many classes of substances in complex matrices
It is important to consider here that the studies were mainly conducted to evaluate the effect of the electric field on the solid phase extraction process, and that the model compound can be understood as an analyte of interest that should be retained in the cartridge or as an interferent that should be eliminated during the washing step
The extraction using syringe type cartridges (E-solid phase extraction (SPE)) studies with the anionic sunset yellow dye revealed that an electric field can be used as an important driving force to modulate the recoveries of anionic compounds
Summary
The development of analytical separation techniques, such as ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography, both coupled to mass spectrometry, has allowed the determination of trace levels of many classes of substances in complex matrices. To evaluate the E-SPE of the anionic dye E 110 and the effects of the chromatographic and electrophoretic processes on the extraction procedure, the following parameters were studied: the concentration, percentage of organic modifier, the pH and the volume of the washing solution; and the amount of sorbent material.
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