Abstract
Electrification of non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) is a growing trend. This paper highlights the potential of electric and hybrid powertrains in different NRMM sectors and elaborates the factors that may hinder the development. The NRMM sectors, the vehicle types, their operation and duty cycles and market shares are described. Comparison between the typical duty cycles and operation of on-road and off-road vehicles is performed in order to gain insight into the specific features of off-road vehicles. The development of NRMM is subject to various drivers that range from customer needs to fuel and energy prices and rules and legislation. The main results of our study are 1) a review of the present status and analysis of the future trends and potential of electrification and hybridization of NRMM and, 2) propositions for overcoming the challenges that are related to the electrification and hybridization of NRMM.
Highlights
The term non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) encompasses various vehicles from gardening equipment to large mining vehicles
The main results of our study are 1) a review of the present status and analysis of the future trends and potential of electrification and hybridization of NRMM and, 2) propositions for overcoming the challenges that are related to the electrification and hybridization of NRMM
The increasing fuel and energy costs and the tightening emission regulations are shaping the landscape for NRMM, too, and stressing the importance of the energy efficiency in all operations
Summary
The term non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) encompasses various vehicles from gardening equipment to large mining vehicles. In some special environments, such as in mines and harbours, the work shifts can be considerable longer, even up to 24 hours per day Due to their vast amount and intensive use, the impact of NRMM on the worldwide fuel consumption and emissions is remarkable. The fuel cell hybrid systems are suitable for underground mining vehicles Their advantage is low heat production, higher energy efficiency than diesel hybrids, and zero emissions in operation [8]. It is not a big surprise that forklifts and automatically guided vehicles (AGV) comprise a fair share of the existing battery powered mobile machinery [11] These machines usually have a traditional lead-acid battery and the limited energy capacity is quite often solved with changeable battery packs. This work presents the status of non-road mobile machinery, their application, operation and market and evaluate the development trends, regarding the electrification and hybridization.
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