Abstract
For nearly 40 years, condenser electret microphones have been the transducer of choice in most every area of acoustics including telephony, professional applications, hearing aids, and toys. More than 2 billion electret microphones are produced annually, primarily for the communications and entertainment markets. E. C. Wente invented the condenser microphone in 1917 at Bell Labs while searching for a replacement for the carbon microphone used in telephones; however, the necessary few hundred volt bias rendered the condenser microphone unusable in telephony, but its acoustical characteristics were welcomed in professional and measurement applications. Permanently charged polymers (electrets) provided the necessary few hundred-volt bias, thus simplifying the mechanical and electrical requirements for the condenser microphone and making it suitable for integration into the modern telephone. The introduction of inexpensive condenser microphones with matching frequency, phase, and impedance characteristics opened research opportunities for multiple microphone arrays. Array technology developed at Bell Labs will be presented in this talk.
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