Abstract
Modulation of complement activity and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages and dendritic cells may have therapeutic value in inflammatory diseases. Elderberry and elderflower extracts, constituents, and metabolites were investigated for their effects on the complement system, and on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages and murine dendritic D2SC/I cells. The EtOH crude extracts from elderberry and elderflower and the isolated anthocyanins and procyanidins possessed strong complement fixating activity and strong inhibitory activity on NO production in RAW cells and dendritic cells. Phenolic compounds in the range of 0.1–100 µM showed a dose-dependent inhibition of NO production, with quercetin, rutin, and kaempferol as the most potent ones. Among the metabolites, caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid showed the strongest inhibitory effects on NO production in both cell lines, without having cytotoxic effect. Only 4-methylcatechol was cytotoxic at the highest tested concentration (100 µM). Elderberry and elderflower constituents may possess inflammatory modulating activity, which increases their nutritional value.
Highlights
Inflammation is one of the organism’s attempts at self-protection, with the aim to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, or pathogens
Numerous epidemiological studies indicate that an increase in the consumption of polyphenol-rich food is associated with a decrease in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases [1,2,3,4]
We systematically investigated the effects of the elderberry and elderflower extracts, constituents, and metabolites on the complement fixating activity and on the nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and murine dendritic D2SC/I cells
Summary
Inflammation is one of the organism’s attempts at self-protection, with the aim to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, or pathogens. In high concentrations it can lead to tissue damage and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, chronic hepatitis, and pulmonary fibrosis [11]. For this reason, NO is a well-established marker of inflammation, and inhibition of its production might be a useful therapeutic strategy in inflammatory diseases [10]. We systematically investigated the effects of the elderberry and elderflower extracts, constituents, and metabolites on the complement fixating activity and on the NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and murine dendritic D2SC/I cells
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