Abstract
Elabela (ELA) is a hormone that is secreted at high levels in the kidneys of a healthy adult. This study aims to investigate whether serum ELA levels of patients with Type 2 Diabetes vary with the severity of renal damage. Our study included 50 healthy control subjects and 100 diabetic patients, who were categorized into groups based on urine albumin/creatinine ratios (ACR). Patients included in the study were assigned to four groups: Group 1 (healthy control), Group 2 (ACR<29mg/g), Group 3 (ACR=30-299 mg/g), and Group 4 (ACR>300 mg/g normal or high serum creatinine). Physical examination findings, demographic characteristics of the study group were recorded, and serum ELA levels and other laboratory parameters were assessed using appropriate methods. The results of the study indicated that ELA levels determined in healthy individuals gradually decreased through stages of normal albuminuria, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria. Moreover, ELA had a significant negative correlation with LDL-C (r=-0.201, p=0.014), glucose (r=-0.437, P<0.001), retinopathy (r=-0.222, P=0.006), serum BUN (r=-0.161, P=0.049), and a positive correlation with eGFR (r=0.250, P=0.002). The fact that ELA levels are higher in healthy individuals compared to diabetic patients without microalbuminuria, and higher in diabetic patients without microalbuminuria compared to patients with advanced albuminuria and kidney damage, suggests that the ELA level can be an important clinical prognostic variable and even a promising agent for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy patients.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by vascular and neuropathic complications related to insulin deficiency or problems induced by insulin[1]
The fact that ELA levels are higher in healthy individuals compared to diabetic patients without microalbuminuria, and higher in diabetic patients without microalbuminuria compared to patients with advanced albuminuria and kidney damage, suggests that the ELA level can be an important clinical prognostic variable and even a promising agent for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy patients
Venous blood samples were collected for fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, total cholesterol (t-CHOL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and serum ELA measurements
Summary
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by vascular and neuropathic complications related to insulin deficiency or problems induced by insulin[1]. Diabetes ranks first among factors that lead to end stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide as a result of the significant increase in the prevalence of diabetes and associated complications. It is well-known that hyperglycemia triggers microvascular complications both directly and through local and systemic increases in certain cytokine, chemokine, and growth factors. The loss of sulfated proteoglycans and anionic regions in the glomerular basement membrane and the mesangial matrix was shown to induce excess accumulation of proteoglycans such as chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate in these areas[3] This causes charge-dependent renal selectivity to decrease and the basement membrane to thicken. In tissues where glucose intake is independent of insulin, excess glucose is typically metabolized to sorbitol through the polyol pathway and African Health Sciences
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