Abstract
Articular joint congruity, static stability secondary to ligament integrity and dynamic joint surface compression due to muscular contraction have been defined classically as the key for carpal stability. Recently, a fourth factor in carpal stability has been proposed, involving the neuromuscular and proprioceptive control of joints. Proprioception of the wrist starts in sensory end organs located in ligaments and joint capsules (mechanoreceptors). When mechanoreceptors are stimulated, an afferent signal causes an involuntary spinal reflex that induces a selective muscular contraction in order to protect from ligament injury. The aim of this review is to provide an understanding of the role of proprioception and neuromuscular control in carpal instabilities, as well as descriptions of potential clinical applications.
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