Abstract
In the vast majority of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), there are well-described differences
 between women and men in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, effects of
 therapy, and outcomes. These differences arise on one hand from biological differences among
 women and men, which are called sex differences, due to differences in gene expression from
 the sex chromosomes and subsequent differences in sexual hormones leading to differences
 in gene expression and function in the CV system, In contrast, gender differences are unique
 to the human. They arise from sociocultural processes, such as different behaviours of women
 and men; exposure to specific influences of the environment; different forms of nutrition,
 lifestyle, or stress; or attitudes towards treatments and prevention. The scientific societies
 are at the forefront of implementing the knowledge in research and healthcare strategies with
 more proactive attitude for a feminine centered approaches may lead to a more specific and
 effective use of resources in CVD prevention and therapy in women.
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