Abstract
Since existing measures of democracy are based solely on a liberal conceptualization of representative democracy, they overlook another fundamental tradition: that of radical democracy, which strives for direct participation of all citizens in the formation of the public opinion and in political decision-making. The quality of democracy of political systems with pronounced radical democratic institutions and culture has therefore not been well understood so far. Drawing from classical liberal and radical views on what democratic institutions can or should accomplish, the authors construct two empirically measurable models of democracy. With a particular interest in assessing democracy in the Swiss cantons, they present a dual measurement concept capable of differentiating democratic systems according to their degree of both liberal and radical democracy.
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