Eigenstate thermalization in systems with spontaneously broken symmetry.

Abstract

A strongly nonintegrable system is expected to satisfy the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis, which states that the expectation value of an observable in an energy eigenstate is the same as the thermal value. This must be revised if the observable is an order parameter for a spontaneously broken symmetry, which has multiple thermal values. We propose that in this case the system is unstable towards forming nearby eigenstates which yield each of the allowed thermal values. We provide strong evidence for this from a numerical study of the two-dimensional transverse-field quantum Ising model.