Egyptian consensus for the use of antimicrobial therapy in Preoperative prophylaxis, surgical site infections and diabetic foot infections

Abstract

Use of antimicrobials in surgical prophylaxis These consensuses focus on primary perioperative prophylaxis for the prevention of an initial infection, the administration of the first dose of antimicrobial beginning within 60 min before surgical incision is recommended, but administration of vancomycin and fluoroquinolones should begin within 120 min before surgical incision because of the prolonged infusion times required for these drugs. Dosing In general, it is advisable to administer prophylactic agents in a manner that will ensure adequate levels of drug in serum and tissue for the interval during which the surgical site is open, If the duration of the procedure exceeds two half-lives of the antimicrobial or there is excessive blood loss (>1500 ml), the re-dosing interval should be measured from the time of administration of the preoperative dose, not from the beginning of the procedure. The selection of certain antimicrobial in most of the surgeries is shown in Table 2, and the special dosing of antimicrobials in patients with renal impairment is shown in Table 3. Surgical site infections “SSI” SSIs or wound infections are the most common adverse events affecting hospitalized surgical patients. The most important therapy for an SSI is to open the incision, evacuate the infected material, and continue dressing changes until the wound heals by secondary intention. Before starting an empiric antibiotics course, culture should be done. The antibiotic choice is usually empiric but can be supported by Gram stain, culture of the wound contents, the site of surgery, and the hospital antimicrobial susceptibility test system ‘Hospital Biogram’. The selection of Antibiotics for treatment of incisional surgical site infections is summarized in table 4. Diabetic foot infections Diabetic Foot infections typically begin in a wound, most often a neuropathic ulceration, while all wounds are colonized with microorganisms, and the presence of infection is defined by greater than or equal to 2 classic findings of inflammation or purulence. Most DFIs are polymicrobial, with aerobic gram-positive cocci, and especially Staphylococci spp., the most common causative organisms. Clinicians should consider the possibility of infection occurring in any foot wound in a patient with diabetes. Clinicians should evaluate a diabetic patient presenting with a foot wound at three levels: the patient as a whole, the affected foot or limb, and the infected wound. The clinically noninfected wounds should not be treated with antibiotic therapy. Prescription of antibiotic therapy for all infected wounds should be done, but with caution, as it is often insufficient unless combined with appropriate wound debridement. The clinicians need to select an empiric antibiotic regimen on the basis of the severity of the infection and the likely etiologic agent(s) (shown in Table 6).