Egg Derived Ovotransferrins and Lactoferrins

Abstract

Proteins and minerals are integral parts of the biological system that harmonize and sustain life. Minerals such as iron binds with protein and is called transferrin and it plays a crucial role in animals. Ovotransferrin (OVTF) and lactoferrin (LF) are avid iron-binding glycoproteins with a molecular weight of 76 and 80 kDa, respectively. They belong to the transferrin family, have a wide range of biofunctions, and are a major component of the mammalian innate immune system. OVTF is present in egg whites, and LF is abundantly present in the colostrum, milk of different species (humans, bovines, and mice), neutrophils, and other body secretions. OVTF shows about a 50% sequence homology with mammalian serum transferrin and LF. The protective effects of OVTF and LF range from direct antimicrobial activities against a large panel of microorganisms to anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. These extensive activities are made possible by mechanisms of action that utilize not only the capacity of OVTF and LF to bind iron but also the interactions with molecular and cellular components of both host and pathogen. This chapter aims to summarize the current understanding, though incomplete, of the many ways that LF and OVTF influence the complex immune machinery and the known and putative mechanisms that may explain biological functions.