Abstract
When performing multiple tasks in succession, self-organization of task order might be superior compared to external-controlled task schedules, because self-organization allows optimizing processing modes and thus reduces switch costs, and it increases commitment to task goals. However, self-organization is an additional executive control process that is not required if task order is externally specified and as such it is considered as time-consuming and effortful. To compare self-organized and externally controlled task scheduling, we suggest assessing global subjective and objectives measures of effort in addition to local performance measures. In our new experimental approach, we combined characteristics of dual tasking settings and task switching settings and compared local and global measures of effort in a condition with free choice of task sequence and a condition with cued task sequence. In a multi-tasking environment, participants chose the task order while the task requirement of the not-yet-performed task remained the same. This task preview allowed participants to work on the previously non-chosen items in parallel and resulted in faster responses and fewer errors in task switch trials than in task repetition trials. The free-choice group profited more from this task preview than the cued group when considering local performance measures. Nevertheless, the free-choice group invested more effort than the cued group when considering global measures. Thus, self-organization in task scheduling seems to be effortful even in conditions in which it is beneficiary for task processing. In a second experiment, we reduced the possibility of task preview for the not-yet-performed tasks in order to hinder efficient self-organization. Here neither local nor global measures revealed substantial differences between the free-choice and a cued task sequence condition. Based on the results of both experiments, we suggest that global assessment of effort in addition to local performance measures might be a useful tool for multitasking research.
Highlights
In everyday life multiple cognitive task requirements are omnipresent and occur in many different contexts
We aim to present a new experimental approach to compare conditions in which participants themselves organize how to cope with multiple cognitive task requirements with conditions in which task organization is externally controlled and task scheduling is pre-determined
We introduced an experimental set-up that requires task switching but allows parallel processing of alternative task items to contrast self-organization and externally controlled task switching
Summary
In everyday life multiple cognitive task requirements are omnipresent and occur in many different contexts. Teachers concurrently observe the behavior of problematic pupils while they are engaged in explaining a mathematical procedure, a text passage, etc. Surgeons have to concurrently track the vital functions of the patient while they are engaged in opening the ribcage. Working in an office requires performing cognitive tasks like planning the budget or evaluating the outcome of the work group, and these tasks might be interrupted by phone calls, incoming emails or colleagues/students knocking at the door. Effort in Multitasking permanently requires engaging and disengaging in several tasks like planning a dinner, looking out for sources of dangers for justwalking children, answering questions of older children etc. Multiple cognitive task requirements are a societal fact and one can hardly avoid them
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