Abstract
Catalysts play an important role in the preparation of biodiesel. It is of great significance to study catalysts with high efficiency, low cost, and easy preparation. Compared with the homogeneous catalyst system, the heterogeneous catalyst is easy to separate and has a better catalytic effect. In heterogeneous catalysts, supports and preparation methods have important effects on the dispersion of active centers and the overall performance of catalysts. However, the supports of existing solid catalysts have defects in porosity, structural uniformity, stability, and specific surface area, and the preparation methods cannot stabilize covalent bonds or ionic bonds to bind catalytic sites. Considering the activity, preparation method, and cost of the catalyst, biomass-based catalyst is the best choice, but the specific surface area of the biomass-based catalyst is relatively low, the distribution of active centers is uneven, and it is easy to lose. Therefore, the hybrid carrier of biomass-based catalyst and other materials can not only improve the specific surface area but also make the distribution of active centers uniform and the catalytic activity better. Based on this, we summarized the application of chitosan hybrid material catalysts in biodiesel. The preparation, advantages and disadvantages, reaction conditions, and so on of chitosan-based catalysts were mainly concerned. At the same time, exploring the effects of different types of chitosan-based catalysts on the preparation of biodiesel and exploring the process technology with high efficiency and low consumption is the focus of this paper.
Highlights
In recent decades, with the accelerated development of industrialization, global fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have increased rapidly
Traditional energy, which is the main source of global energy supply, is constantly consumed, leading to energy shortage. is problem has attracted the attention of researchers all over the world, who are looking for sustainable and ecofriendly alternative energy [2, 3]. erefore, scientists try to replace fossil fuels by developing renewable green energy, among which biofuels are the most competitive
Caetano et al [44] studied the esterification of palmitic acid with methanol at 60°C. e sulfonic group was introduced into chitosan (CT) by crosslinking with sulfosuccinic acid (SSA)
Summary
With the accelerated development of industrialization, global fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have increased rapidly. People realize that the development of renewable and biodegradable biomass-based catalysts is more conducive to green environmental protection [23]. The raw material of chitosan, is a natural polymer compound second only to cellulose in nature. It is rich in resources and widely used in medicine, food, chemical industry, cosmetics, water treatment, and other fields because of its biological function, compatibility, safety, and biodegradability [25,26,27,28,29]. We hope that through this paper, we can provide new ideas for the preparation of biomass-based catalysts and obtain more efficient, green, and environmentally friendly new catalysts for the industrial synthesis of biodiesel
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