Efficient singlet oxygen generation by excitonic energy transfer on ultrathin g-C3N4 for selective photocatalytic oxidation of methyl-phenyl-sulfide with O2

Abstract

Efficient generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) by an excitonic energy transfer process is highly desired on a semiconductor photocatalyst for selective oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide (MPS). Herein, it is demonstrated that a large amount of 1O2 is produced on pristine graphitic carbon nitride (CN) nanosheet compared with bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) and commercial P25 titanium dioxide (TiO2). This leads to a certain photoactivity of CN for MPS oxidation. The observed ∼77% selectivity for CN depends on the competitive results of excitonic energy transfer for 1O2 formation and charge carrier separation for superoxide radical (O2−) production, which are based on the phosphorescence spectra and electron paramagnetic resonance signals, respectively. Moreover, ultrathin CN nanosheets are synthesized by thermal treatment with the cyanuric acid-melamine hydrogen bonded aggregates as precursors. It is confirmed that the amount of produced 1O2 could be increased by decreasing the thickness of resultant CN nanosheets. The optimized ultrathin CN nanosheet (∼4 nm) exhibits excellent photoactivity with high selectivity (∼99%). It is suggested that the excitonic energy transfer for 1O2 formation is close related to the intrinsic exciton binding energy and the two-dimensional quantum confinement effect. This work establishes a basic mechanistic understanding on the excitonic processes in CN, and develops a feasible route to design CN-based photocatalysts for efficient 1O2 generation.