Efficient selective aerobic oxidation of sulfides by molecular dipole modulation in methylphosphate-substituted perylene diimide supramolecular polarization photocatalyst

Abstract

Photocatalytic aerobic oxidation is a promising sustainable strategy for the selective organic synthesis of industrially valuable chemicals. However, the poor charge separation and insufficient molecular activation restrict the overall photocatalytic efficiency. To address these issues, we have developed a novel approach involving molecular dipole modulation and polar molecular self-assembly to modulate the built-in electric field (BEF) in perylene diimide (PDI) supramolecular polarization photocatalysts by adjusting the electronegativity of terminal substituents. The optimized methylphosphate-substituted PDI (P-PDIP) supramolecular system features the strongest BEF induced by its large molecular dipole, with an intensity 3.89 times higher than that observed in methylcarboxy-substituted PDI (P-PDIC) and 5.64 times higher than that observed in P-PDI. This significant enhancement in BEF generates a powerful driving force within P-PDIP, facilitating directional charge separation toward active sites. Additionally, the incorporation of methylphosphate groups improves the activation efficiency of O2 and thioether molecules, resulting in a remarkable photocatalytic performance for selective aerobic oxidation of sulfides into sulfoxide (up to 99.9% conversion and 99.8% selectivity). This study highlights that enhancing BEF through manipulating molecular dipoles can significantly improve photocatalytic activity, offering great potential for constructing efficient organic polarization photocatalysts in green chemistry and sustainable production.