Efficient Photochemical Oxidation of Anisole in Protic Solvents: Electron Transfer driven by Specific Solvent–Solute Interactions

Abstract

The dynamics of the bimolecular quenching of triplet excited benzophenone by anisole was studied by nanosecond flash photolysis. We carried out a detailed study of the solvent dependence of the reaction rates and efficiencies in a number of protic and non-protic solvents. These studies were augmented by theoretical modelling and experimental investigation of solute/solvent interactions in the triplet excited and the ground state, respectively. The triplet quenching that follows Stern-Volmer kinetics in all cases is profoundly dependent on the nature of the solvent, with the highest reactivity being consistently found in protic solvents. The results in non-protic solvents are compatible with unproductive quenching via a charge-transfer state, whereas the generally fast quenching in protic solvents is accompanied by efficient formation of free-radical products. Analysis of the solvent dependence in terms of Marcus theory reveals the impact of specific solvation of benzophenone by protic solvents on the ET driving force and kinetics. Specific solvation is found to support efficient free radical ion formation in media of moderate and low polarity as well.