Abstract
Abstract With recent developments in nanotechnologies, metal nanoparticles permeate a wide range of dimension scales, from light wavelength-scale domains down to a few nanometers approaching electronic scales. The electrodynamics at metal surfaces hosts a rich interplay between plasmon oscillations, retardation effects of light, and nonclassical (quantum) effects of electrons. Incorporating all these effects and modeling optical responses of nanoparticles generally rely on pure numerical methods, which are, however, disadvantageous in physical interpretations and computational speed. Herein, we establish a modal method that accurately predicts plasmon responses of metal nanoparticles, including both retardation and nonclassical corrections on an equal footing. The proposed method, based on electrostatic plasmon modes, is parameterized by a set of geometrically dependent factors, which, once computed, can be repeatedly used for same-shaped nanoparticles independent of size and material composition. The predictive accuracy of the method is examined for single nanoparticles, multi-scale plasmonic architectures—such as dimer structures with deep-nanometer gap—and geometrically deformed structures, with feature dimensions ranging from a few nanometers to hundreds of nanometers.
Highlights
Metal nanoparticles support surface plasmon resonances (SPRs), collective oscillations of free electrons at metal surfaces restored by induced electric fields [1]
The retardation effects of light and the nonclassical effects of electrons are treated on an equal footing by combining the previous insights from References [32, 33]
We develop an analytic approach that uses electrostatic surface plasmon modes as the basis to model optical responses of metal nanoparticles
Summary
Metal nanoparticles support surface plasmon resonances (SPRs), collective oscillations of free electrons at metal surfaces restored by induced electric fields [1]. The electrostatic SPRs constitute a natural basis for computing optical responses of plasmonic nanostructures [2, 11, 12] Their unique advantage lies in their merely geometrical dependence, meaning that, the SPRs, belonging to a specific particle shape, can be repeatedly used independent of particle size and material composition. The extremely localized SPRs can be excited by near-filed sources, such as electron beams and quantum emitters In this regime, the intrinsic quantum-wave (nonclassical) nature of electrons onsets, whose comprehensive investigations bring the emerging field of quantum plasmonics (see Figure 1(C) for a classification of various nonclassical effects). The intrinsic quantum-wave (nonclassical) nature of electrons onsets, whose comprehensive investigations bring the emerging field of quantum plasmonics (see Figure 1(C) for a classification of various nonclassical effects) Even more, exploring both advantages of efficient light coupling/scattering and extreme light confinement. We validate the method for versatile plasmonic structures commonly accessed to the experiments, including single nanoparticles and multi-scale plasmonic architectures
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