Efficient gene transfer in C. elegans: extrachromosomal maintenance and integration of transforming sequences : C.C. Mello, J.M. Kramer, D. Stinchcomb and V. Ambros EMBO J. 10, 3959–3970

Abstract

Gummosis is an aggressive disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl that threatens commercial cashew orchads in Brazil. To study the molecular mechanisms involved in the cashew response to L. theobromae, a proteomic analysis of stems from the commercial cashew clone BRS 226 (resistant) was conducted at early times post-artificial infection. In addition, changes in the stem proteome profiles of gummosis resistant and susceptible cashew plants grown under field condition and naturally exposed to pathogen were also compared. After two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), 73 proteins showed statistically significant differences in spot abundance. Of these, 31 spots were identified in BRS 226 stems compared with mock-inoculated controls and 32 in stems collected from field-grown resistant and susceptible cashew plants. L. theobromae-responsive proteins were mainly involved in energy metabolism pathways, stress and defense, cell signaling and protein metabolism indicating modulation of various cellular functions upon fungal infection. As stress-inducing factors seem to be important for susceptibility to disease, the change in the abundance relative these proteins may possibly indicate an attempt to maintain cellular homeostasis, as resistance determinant factor, related with a possible role in the regulation of oxidative burst. These findings provide the first information about the cellular mechanisms acting in the Anacardium occidentale genotypes associated with the pathophysiological state of infection with L. theobromae.Gummosis caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae, a necrotrophic fungus, is the major disease of cashew plants in the semi-arid conditions of northeastern Brazil. Although various studies were carried out on this pathosystem, there is no information available on the molecular mechanisms of plant defense related to the incompatible interaction of cashew with L. theobromae. Therefore, this original study comprises a differential proteomic analysis of cashew stems from: (i) resistant dwarf clone BRS 226 mock-inoculated (control) and artificially inoculated with L. theobromae; and (ii) cashew plants bearing resistant and susceptible traits to gummosis, originated from open pollination of BRS 226 in a commercial orchard with high disease incidence. The contribution of the reprogrammed proteins to molecular events triggered in cashew plants challenged by L. theobromae has a great relevance in the identification of the host candidate proteins linked to biological pathways that respond to L. theobromae infection. Furthermore this study may contribute to improve breeding programs aimed at selecting resistant/tolerant cashew clones toward this pathogen.