Efficient formation of poly(ethylene glycol) polymer brushes on gold electrodes via surface-initiated electrochemically mediated ATRP (SI-eATRP)

Abstract

Electrochemically mediated surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-eATRP) is an interesting grafting from technique used to grow, in a controlled way, polymeric films from a wide range of surfaces, including metal substrates. Aqueous SI-eATRP offers an appealing strategy for the preparation of polymers by using water-soluble monomers, employing an oxidatively stable catalyst complex. The goal of this work is to tailor compact poly-(oligo(ethylene glycol)methacrylate) (p-OEGMA) brushes on gold electrodes by combining the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) containing a suitable ATRP initiator molecule, and the SI-eATRP polymerization approach. We have investigated the effects of the SAM-initiator nature, the applied potential, and the duration of the polymerization process on the properties of the grafted p-OEGMA-brushes. In addition, we employed electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements to evidence the living character of the polymerization. The final properties of the tailored p-OEGMA-brush were studied by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, obtaining information on the electronic and ionic blocking behaviour of these films, under different experimental conditions. Further information on structural conformation, composition, and organization was obtained from different characterization techniques: IRRAS and XPS spectroscopies, contact angle measurements, and SEM and AFM microscopies. These techniques confirmed that an efficient formation of p-OEGMA-brushes via SI-eATRP was achieved. Thus, the designed SI-eATRP system offers an interesting option to functionalize a wide variety of substrates with water-soluble and biocompatible monomers. Such coatings present potential applications in various fields, including biomedical applications.