Abstract
Graphene is a typical two-dimensional (2D) allotrope form of carbon. Excellent optical and electric properties of graphene, such as broadband absorption and high mobility of carriers, promise prosperous applications in optic and optoelectronic devices. However, flat graphene structures (either graphene film on a structural substrate or structural graphene) hardly support efficient excitation of high-order plasmonic modes, which results in a serious deficiency in realizing efficient light–matter interaction in graphene-based devices. Here, by configuring the flat graphene into complex three-dimensional (3D) pillars, strong high-order plasmonic modes were observed and verified numerically and experimentally. It is found that, despite the influence of geometry and material parameters on resonance, the excitation efficiency of high-order modes is highly dependent on the graphene on the sidewall of pillars. Therefore, the proposed 3D graphene structures not only retain the merits of 2D materials but also intro...
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