Efficient energy absorption of functionally-graded metallic foam-filled tubes under impact loading

Abstract

Abstract The deformation behavior and crashworthiness of functionally-graded foam-filled tubes (FGFTs) under drop-weight impact loading were investigated. Closed cell aluminum, A356 alloy and zinc foams fabricated by the liquid state processing were used as axial grading fillers for the manufacture of single-layer and multilayer structures with different configurations. The results indicate that the deformation of multilayer foam filled tubes initiates from the low-strength components, and then propagates in the high-strength components through the gradual increment of stress. The use of more A356 alloy and aluminum foam layers provides greater specific energy absorption (SEA) for the graded structures, whereas the high-strength zinc foam has no positive effect on the crash performance. The progressive collapse of graded structures consisting of the aluminum and A356 alloy foams occurs in a symmetric mode under quasi-static and drop-weight impact conditions. However, the zinc foam causes a combination of symmetric and extension modes as well as greater localized deformation under dynamic loading and greater local rupture in quasi-static loading condition. The Al−A356 foam-filled tubes with a combination of the highest SEA (10 J/g) and the lowest initial peak stress (σmax of 10.2 MPa) are considered as the best lightweight crashworthy structures.