Abstract
The Shale 1.0 revolution achieved a geopolitical goal, reducing US dependence on foreign petroleum, which partially contributed to the current low commodity price environment. When setting aside the financial and geopolitical factors, the shale revolution was and is still in many minds a manufacturing process, where multiple wells equally spaced are hydraulically fractured with a similar number of regularly spaced stages, also called geometric completions. Ignoring the complex geologic nature of shale reservoirs created a very inefficient manufacturing process. Jacobs (2016) summarized these inefficiencies by stating that ‘Widely cited studies show that as a result of these geometric completions, 40% to 60% of stages produce little or no hydrocarbons, while 30% of the stages represent 80% of a well’s entire production. Baker Hughes estimates that ineffective stages have come at an annual cost upwards of $40 billion.’
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