Abstract
The most commonly injured ligament in the human body is an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). ACL injury is standard among the football, basketball and soccer players. The study aims to detect anterior cruciate ligament injury in an early stage via efficient and thorough automatic magnetic resonance imaging without involving radiologists, through a deep learning method. The proposed approach in this paper used a customized 14 layers ResNet-14 architecture of convolutional neural network (CNN) with six different directions by using class balancing and data augmentation. The performance was evaluated using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision and F1 score of our customized ResNet-14 deep learning architecture with hybrid class balancing and real-time data augmentation after 5-fold cross-validation, with results of 0.920%, 0.916%, 0.946%, 0.916% and 0.923%, respectively. For our proposed ResNet-14 CNN the average area under curves (AUCs) for healthy tear, partial tear and fully ruptured tear had results of 0.980%, 0.970%, and 0.999%, respectively. The proposing diagnostic results indicated that our model could be used to detect automatically and evaluate ACL injuries in athletes using the proposed deep-learning approach.
Highlights
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is an important stabilizing ligament of the knee that connects the femur to the tibia [1]
We considered the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve remaining data is used for the training
We demonstrate in detail a fully automated ACL detection with the related work
Summary
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is an important stabilizing ligament of the knee that connects the femur to the tibia [1]. There are four primary ligaments: two ligaments inside the knee are anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament while two outside ligaments are lateral collateral ligament, medial collateral ligament. The ACL is the most common injured knee ligament in athletes. It provides the stability as the knee moves. This movement can produce increased friction on the meniscus and cartilage in the joint. The symptoms of ACL include pain, swelling and deformation of the knee, making walking difficult [3,4]
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