Abstract
BackgroundCapacitive deionization (CDI) is a recent advancement to monitor massive reverse osmosis (RO) reject concentrate. With the conventional material activated carbon developed from biomass, surface modifications and composite materials have improved surface properties. MethodTherefore, with the green motive to re-use agro-waste, the walnut shell powder was calcined (WSAC), which was modified with potassium hydroxide (K-WSAC), incorporated with iron nanoparticles (Fe@Nanoparticle) and iron-copper nanoparticles (FeCu@Nanoparticle) for fabricating CDI electrodes. FindingsDeveloped electrodes were electrochemically characterized, revealing the specific capacitance of 97.5 F/g and implemented for deionizing the RO concentrate. The FeCu@Nanoparticles electrodes showed the best desalination performance of 89.8% removal with an initial concentration of 1000 ppm at an electro-sorption time of 20 min exhibiting a salt sorption rate of 1.21 mg/g min. The economics of the system was evaluated, revealing the least energy consumed system of 0.5 kWh m−3. FeCu@Nanoparticles electrodes were implemented to treat real samples from commercial and domestic drinking water systems and groundwater samples, resulting in positive outcomes. Therefore, the investigation revealed that WSAC based electrodes resulted in the development of an excellent desalination system.
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