Abstract
The mechanism of conversion from the kinetic energy of electron beams to electromagnetic wave energy is investigated in the two-stream amplifier. It is shown that the optimal efficiency of the amplifier scales according to ΔV/V for relativistic electron beams and (ΔV/V)2 for nonrelativistic electron beams, where ΔV is the axial velocity difference in the two beams and V is the mean axial beam velocity. This scaling law not only explains intrinsically low efficiencies (≲5%) observed in numerous nonrelativistic two-stream amplifier experiments, but also predicts that the optimal efficiency of a relativistic two-stream amplifier is typically greater than that of a nonrelativistic two-stream amplifier by one order of magnitude.
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