Abstract
BackgroundSurface staining and deeper discoloration characteristics of peroxide-based bleaching agents in the nicotine stain in dental enamel model were evaluated in the present study.MethodsNicotine stained dental enamel fragments (n = 36) were prepared and were subjected to the bleaching ingredients for a fixed treatment time of 30 min. The bleaching agents were composed of limonene, coconut diethanolamide, and carbamide peroxide served as solvent, nonionic surfactant, and oxidizer, respectively. Optical analysis was carried out considering color stability via colorimeter and UV-Vis spectrometer.ResultsDegrees of color variations were significantly influenced by nicotine content and bleaching ingredient factors. They varied in the range of approximately 3.00 and 5.00 units for all tooth-bleaching agents. The most prominent degrees of color variation elevations were obtained in the tooth bleaching formulae set #2 (1.0% limonene + 20% coconut diethanolamide) in the stained tooth model in comparison to set #1 (0.5% limonene + 10% coconut diethanolamide) and set #3 (1.5% limonene + 30% coconut diethanolamide), partly due to the perceptible color changes. The lowest degree of color variation under a dose limitation was found in the tooth bleaching formulae set #2 + 10% carbamide peroxide formulation. Absorbance spectra were also evaluated after the interaction of bleaching treatment. They confirmed a relationship between nicotine content and discoloration characteristics of the tooth bleaching formulae set #2 + 10% carbamide peroxide.ConclusionsCarbamide peroxide is considered as generator of free radicals. It converts the color of stains to clear by oxidizing the organic compounds in the stained dental enamel model, achieving whiteness enhancement.
Highlights
Surface staining and deeper discoloration characteristics of peroxide-based bleaching agents in the nicotine stain in dental enamel model were evaluated in the present study
To mimic the smoking action of e-cigarette smoke inside the mouth, calcium phosphate as the dental enamel model was immersed with four different nicotine dosages (NT = 6, 11, 16, 21 Milligram per milliliter (mg/mL)) for 15 min, resulting in
In the present study, the degree of CIELAB color variations varied in a range of 3.61–4.51 units for all bleaching treatments in the stained dental enamel model, as shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3
Summary
Surface staining and deeper discoloration characteristics of peroxide-based bleaching agents in the nicotine stain in dental enamel model were evaluated in the present study. The base agent consist of binding agents (i.e. gum and cellulose derivatives), preventing the split of the contents; humectants (i.e. ethylene glycol and sorbitol), preserving moisture and helping to suspend or dissolve other contents; buffering agents for pH adjustment; and surfactants (i.e. sodium lauryl sulfate) offering high-foaming and surface wetting for debris suspension and isolation. None of these studies reported how a combination of limonene and coconut diethanolamide as the base agents and low peroxide concentration is used to reduce the stains and help maintain tooth whiteness
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