Abstract
The effectiveness of several pretreatments [high-power ultrasound, sulfuric acid (H2SO4), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and ammonium hydroxide (NH3OH)] to enhance glucose production from insoluble fractions recovered from enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing of extruded full-fat soybean flakes (FFSF) was investigated. Sonication of the insoluble fraction at 144μmpp (peak-to-peak) for 30 and 60s did not improve the saccharification yield. The solid fractions recovered after pretreatment with H2SO4 [1% (w/w), 90°C, 1.5h], NaOH [15% (w/w), 65°C, 17h], and NH3OH [15% (w/w), 65°C, 17h] showed significant lignin degradation, i.e., 81.9%, 71.2%, and 75.4%, respectively, when compared to the control (7.4%). NH3OH pretreatment resulted in the highest saccharification yield (63%) after 48h of enzymatic saccharification. A treatment combining the extraction and saccharification steps and applied directly to the extruded FFSF, where oil extraction yield and saccharification yield reached 98% and 43%, respectively, was identified.
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