Abstract
A mathematical model has been developed to describe the cooling of steel in a pouring ladle as the steel is held in the ladle prior to its treatment on a ladle-furnace unit. The adequacy of the model is demonstrated, and calculations of the cooling of steel in a ladle are performed. It is shown that preheating ladle linings to 1400 °C with the use of electric heaters is a cost-effective measure.
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