Abstract
Since 2011, period of the livestock invasion by the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus in Burkina Faso (BF), tick-control problems were exacerbated. Based on farmer’s reports, most commonly used commercial acaricides were found to be ineffective in Western South part of the country. To investigate the occurrence and extent of such acaricidal ineffectiveness, we performed the standardized larval packet test (LPT) with commercial deltamethrin (vectocid) and cypermethrin (cypertop), on two cattle tick species, the native Amblyomma variegatum and the invasive R. microplus. The resistance ratios (RR) were computed with susceptible Hounde strain of Rhipicephalus geigyi as reference. The R. microplus population showed resistance to the two acaricides tested with the highest lethal concentration (LC) values, and different resistance ratios higher than 4 (deltamethrin: RR50 = 28.18 and RR90 = 32.41; cypermethrin: RR50 = 8.79 and RR90 = 23.15). In the contrary, A. variegatum population was found to be highly susceptible to acaricides tested with low lethal concentrations and resistance ratio values (deltamethrin: RR50 = 0.5 and RR90 = 0.48; cypermethrin: RR50 = 0.68 and RR90 = 0.79). These data demonstrate high synthetic pyrethroid resistance in R. microplus strain, leading to conclude that the acaricide ineffectiveness in tick populations control remains a concern in BF.
Highlights
About 17 Ixodidae ticks, belonging to the genus Amblyomma, Hyalomma, and Rhipicephalus, have been identified in West Africa (Biguezoton et al 2016; Diarra et al 2017; Ouedraogo et al 2021)
Even if the resistance of R. microplus to some acaricidal compounds has been evidenced in Burkina Faso (BF) (Kande 2014), this study represents the first investigation involving the native tick species, A. variegatum
According to FAO (2004), emerging resistance can be suspected when RR50 is under 4, while R R90 is above, and the field strain slope smaller than the reference strain one. Both RR50 and RR90 values found for R. microplus Kimini strain were above 4, both for the commercial grade deltamethrin and cypermethrin
Summary
About 17 Ixodidae ticks, belonging to the genus Amblyomma, Hyalomma, and Rhipicephalus, have been identified in West Africa (Biguezoton et al 2016; Diarra et al 2017; Ouedraogo et al 2021). These obligate hematophagous arthropods have direct and indirect effects on livestock health and production in most parts of Sub-Saharan Africa (Stachurski 2000). Amblyomma variegatum is an efficient vector of Ehrlichia ruminantium, agent of heartwater (cowdriosis) It directly impairs animal growth, tending to heavily reduce milk production (Stachurski 2000; Allsopp 2015). Resistance in R. microplus population to some commercial acaricidal compounds has
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