Abstract
The effective control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) relies strongly on the separation of susceptible and infected livestock or susceptible livestock and persistently infected wildlife, vaccination, and veterinary sanitary measures. Vaccines affording protection against multiple serotypes for longer than six months and that are less reliant on the cold chain during handling are urgently needed for the effective control of FMD in endemic regions. Although much effort has been devoted to improving the immune responses elicited through the use of modern adjuvants, their efficacy is dependent on the formulation recipe, target species and administration route. Here we compared and evaluated the efficacy of two adjuvant formulations in combination with a structurally stabilized SAT2 vaccine antigen, designed to have improved thermostability, antigen shelf-life and longevity of antibody response. Protection mediated by the Montanide ISA 206B-adjuvanted or Quil-A Saponin-adjuvanted SAT2 vaccines were comparable. The Montanide ISA 206B-adjuvanted vaccine elicited a higher SAT2 neutralizing antibody response and three times higher levels of systemic IFN-γ responses at 14- and 28-days post-vaccination (dpv) were observed compared to the Quil-A Saponin-adjuvanted vaccine group. Interestingly, serum antibodies from the immunized animals reacted similarly to the parental vaccine virus and viruses containing mutations in the VP2 protein that simulate antigenic drift in nature.
Highlights
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious, vesicular disease that affects cloven hoofed animals and remains a major threat to livestock production and livestockderived industries worldwide
A vaccine challenge study was designed to compare the efficacy of a vaccine consisting of a structurally stabilized SAT2 146S antigen formulated with either a Montanide ISA 206B or a Quil-A Saponin adjuvant, in Nguni cattle
The vaccine efficacy of the structurally modified SAT2 antigen formulated with the Montanide ISA 206B or the Quil-A Saponin adjuvants was determined by the antibody response elicited in Nguni cattle
Summary
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious, vesicular disease that affects cloven hoofed animals and remains a major threat to livestock production and livestockderived industries worldwide. In southern Africa, the control of FMD relies strongly on the separation of wildlife from susceptible livestock and vaccination of cattle in high risk areas neighboring national parks. The Office International des Epizooties (OIE) advocates a zoning system for the control of FMD where an FMD-free region is separated from an infected area (endemic area, game parks) by a zone where vaccination of cattle or other susceptible livestock and continuous surveillance are practiced [1]. In South Africa, FMD control depends on tri-annual vaccination of susceptible cattle in the high risk area, surrounding the Kruger National Park (KNP) and adjacent game farms, with a prophylactic vaccine containing antigen from all three Southern African Territories (SAT) serotypes [2,3]; fences separating animals at the wildlife-livestock interface [4,5]; movement restriction between zones and continued surveillance to allow early FMD detection [5]. The use of a reverse genetic approach and targeted mutagenesis [13] has provided a valuable tool for genetic manipulation of the virus to improve viral properties such as cell culture adaptation, biophysical stability, and broadened cross-reactivity [11,12,14,15,16]
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