Abstract
Mosquitoes are usually targeted using insecticides, insect growth regulators, and microbial agents. Indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets. However, these strategies have negative effects on human health, the environment and induce resistance in a number of species. Eco-friendly tools have been recently implemented against mosquito vectors, including plant-based insecticides. To date few studies have adopted World Health Organization (WHO) Pesticide Evaluation Scheme guidelines for repellent testing against mosquitoes. This review presents a summary of recent information on development, and efficacy of plant-based repellents against Anopheles mosquitoes as well as promising new advances in the field. All eligible studies published up to April 2020 were systematically searched in several databases, namely PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Google scholar. The outcomes of interest were percentage repellency, protection time and additional properties identified in repellent compounds. A total of 27 trials met the inclusion criteria. The highest repellency effect against mosquitoes was conferred by citronella, followed by <i>Ligusticum sinense</i> extract, <i>pine</i>, <i>Dalbergia sissoo</i>, and <i>Rhizophora mucronata</i> oils with 100% protection for 8 to 14 hours. Furthermore, essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and <i>C. longa</i> also showed >90% repellency within 8 hours against different species of Anopheles. Therefore, the review showed, essential oils and extracts of some plants could be formulated for the development of eco-friendly repellents against Anopheles species. Plant oils may serve as suitable alternatives to synthetic repellents in the future as they are relatively safe, inexpensive, and are readily available in many parts of the world.
Highlights
Mosquitoes serve as vectors for a wide variety of human and veterinary pathogens and parasites
Studies were included in the present systematic review if they met these criteria: (a) full-text publication was written in English, (b) analyzed the repellency effects of plant extracts and essential oils against malaria vectors, Anopheles spp. mosquitoes, and, (c) reported the percentage of repellency or complete protection time
Of the 216 studies excluded, 102 were duplicated studies; 39 were not on repellency effect of plants on Anopheles spp., 7 were review publications; 6 investigated the repellency impact of chemical-based repellents or animal extracts; 11 studies were conducted on laboratory animals and 10 studies had not reported adequate data concerning the percentage of repellency or 100% protection time
Summary
Mosquitoes serve as vectors for a wide variety of human and veterinary pathogens and parasites. Vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, leishmaniasis, filariasis, and Chagas disease cause extensive morbidity and mortality, and are a major economic burden in disease-endemic countries [1, 2]. In particular, continues to have a devastating impact on infants and young children in endemic regions. In 2018 alone, over 200 million malaria cases and 0.4 million deaths we reported globally. Most of this burden was experienced by infants and young children in sub-Saharan Africa [3]. Of the 500 species of Anopheles mosquitoes far, approximately 50 species can transmit malaria from the bite of an infected female Anopheles spp. Of the 500 species of Anopheles mosquitoes far, approximately 50 species can transmit malaria from the bite of an infected female Anopheles spp. [1, 2]
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