Abstract
Urbanization and industrialization have dramatically increased the manufacture of cement causing substantial pollution of the environment. The primary global concern related to cement manufacture has been the management of the large carbon footprints. The usages of environmentally friendly cementitious materials in the construction of structures have proved to be a viable option to deal with this environmental concern. Therefore, it is necessary to further explore the usage of cementitious materials which can replace cement albeit partially. In this direction of research, two such cementitious materials, namely, natural zeolite and metakaolin have been investigated in this study. High‐strength concrete M60 with natural zeolite and metakaolin as the partial replacements for the cement has been prepared in this work. Polycarboxylic ether‐based superplasticizer solution has been used to enhance workability. The test specimen cast and cured for 3, 7, 28, 60, and 90 days at ambient room temperature has been tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength as per the Indian standards. The optimum mix of high‐strength concrete thus manufactured has met the Indian standards, and the combination of cement +5% natural zeolite +10% metakaolin has exhibited the highest compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths at 90 days of curing. Natural zeolite and metakaolin when used in smaller proportions have increased the concrete strength, and these materials are recommended for partial replacement of cement.
Highlights
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world
Cement manufacture produces a significant amount of carbon dioxide
A study on concrete mixed with metakaolin and concrete mixed with zeolite subjected to compression strength tests for 3, 7, 28, and 90 days was conducted. e study used ordinary Portland cement (OPC), metakaolin (MK), silica fumes (SF), and fly ash as binders in concrete (FA)
Summary
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world. Cement, water (active components), fine particles, and coarse aggregates (inactive members) are the fundamental ingredients of concrete [1, 2]. A study on concrete using natural zeolite as a partial substitute for regular Portland cement of 53 grade with coarse aggregates of 10–12 mm, fine aggregates, zeolite, and water was carried out. Each with a partial replacement of cement with metakaolin of 0, 5, 10, and 15%, were created to test the effect of low water to binder ratio on the mechanical and durability qualities of concrete mixes containing metakaolin [26, 27]. A study on concrete mixed with metakaolin and concrete mixed with zeolite subjected to compression strength tests for 3, 7, 28, and 90 days was conducted. In furtherance to this research domain, in this study, naturally occurring zeolite and kaolin (used as metakaolin) have been investigated to arrive at recommended quantities of metakaolin and zeolite as partial replacements of cement
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