Abstract
Microbicides play critical roles in infection prevention and control of Ebola virus by decontaminating high-touch environmental surfaces (HITES), interrupting the virus-HITES-hands nexus. We evaluated the efficacy of formulations containing different microbicidal actives for inactivating Ebola virus–Makona strain (EBOV/Mak) on stainless-steel carriers per ASTM E2197-11. Formulations of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (0.05–1%), ethanol (70%), chloroxylenol (PCMX) (0.12–0.48% by weight) in hard water, and a ready-to-use disinfectant spray with 58% ethanol (EDS), were tested at contact times of 0, or 0.5 to 10 min at ambient temperature. EBOV/Mak was inactivated (> 6 log10) by 70% ethanol after contact times ≥ 2.5 min, by 0.5% and 1% NaOCl or EDS (> 4 log10) at contact times ≥ 5 min, and by 0.12–0.48% PCMX (> 4.2 log10) at contact times ≥ 5 min. Residual infectious virus in neutralized samples was assessed by passage on cells and evaluation for viral cytopathic effect. No infectious virus was detected in cells inoculated with EBOV/Mak exposed to NaOCl (0.5% or 1%), PCMX (0.12% to 0.48%), or EDS for ≥ 5 min. These results demonstrate ≥ 6 log10 inactivation of EBOV/Mak dried on prototypic surfaces by EDS or formulations of NaOCl (≥ 0.5%), PCMX (≥ 0.12%), or 70% ethanol at contact times ≥ 5 min.
Highlights
Microbicides play critical roles in infection prevention and control of Ebola virus by decontaminating high-touch environmental surfaces (HITES), interrupting the virus-HITES-hands nexus
During the evaluation of possible neutralizing agents, it was determined that PCMX could be neutralized with Letheen broth, and the disinfectant alcohol spray could be neutralized with Dulbecco’s minimum essential medium (DMEM) + 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) + 10 units/mL penicillin/streptomycin
It was previously shown that 70% ethanol could be neutralized with Dulbecco’s minimum essential medium (DMEM)[11], and that NaOCl could be neutralized by 1% sodium thiosulfate[11]
Summary
Microbicides play critical roles in infection prevention and control of Ebola virus by decontaminating high-touch environmental surfaces (HITES), interrupting the virus-HITES-hands nexus. No infectious virus was detected in cells inoculated with EBOV/Mak exposed to NaOCl (0.5% or 1%), PCMX (0.12% to 0.48%), or EDS for ≥ 5 min These results demonstrate ≥ 6 log[10] inactivation of EBOV/Mak dried on prototypic surfaces by EDS or formulations of NaOCl (≥ 0.5%), PCMX (≥ 0.12%), or 70% ethanol at contact times ≥ 5 min. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires that claims for efficacy of a product for an emerging enveloped virus include that the product be approved for inactivating at least one large or one small non-enveloped virus[8]. There are few reports of the efficacy of inactivation of Ebola virus dried onto carriers (i.e., prototype environmental surfaces). Virucidal investigations were performed using fully pathogenic Ebola virus at the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) facility
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