Efficacy of Levetiracetam vs Phenobarbital as First Line Therapy for the Treatment of Neonatal Seizures

Abstract

OBJECTIVE Seizures are one of the most common neurologic complications seen in a neonate. Historically, phenobarbital has been the agent of choice, but can lead to adverse neurologic outcomes, which has contributed to the use of other agents. Levetiracetam has proven great efficacy with an excellent safety profile in older patients, causing interest of its use in neonates. The objective of this study was to determine if levetiracetam would provide similar neonatal seizure resolution rates as phenobarbital. METHODS The study was a single-center, retrospective, cohort study from August 1, 2020 to August 31, 2022 investigating the efficacy and safety of using levetiracetam compared with phenobarbital as a first line treatment for neonatal seizures. The primary outcome was to assess overall seizure resolution after administration of levetiracetam or phenobarbital, without addition of a second antiseizure medication. RESULTS There were 87 patients included in the study. Fifteen neonates (27.78%) achieved seizure resolution with phenobarbital compared with 9 neonates (27.27%) who received levetiracetam first line (p = 0.959). Neonates who received phenobarbital had higher rates of adverse effects. Neonates who received a benzodiazepine prior to administration of levetiracetam had lower seizure resolution rates (p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest there is no difference in using phenobarbital over levetiracetam to achieve complete seizure resolution in a neonate. Higher rates of adverse events were seen in the phenobarbital group. The use of a benzodiazepine prior to administration of levetiracetam may reduce the efficacy of levetiracetam.