Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer diagnosed in women and the second most common cancer overall, ranking as the fifth cause of death from cancer. The chronicity of the disease produces long-term physiological and psychological manifestations, which adversely affect the quality of life of the individual. The primary treatment while managing cancer presents with various debilitating side effects. With the recent advances in treatment techniques that have improved the survival rate, patients suffer from continuing posttreatment complications. Patients seem to cope well with the stress of treatment of BC and sustain a normal life; however, the deterioration in physical well-being makes the patient functionally inefficient. Exercise has been proven to be an effective, safe, and feasible tool in combating the adverse effects of treatment, prevents complications and decreases the risk of BC-specific mortality. This review briefly presents an overview of the burden of the disease and its management strategies. Owing to the heterogeneity of the population and the multitude of therapies they receive, the response of each patient to treatment is different and so is the magnitude of adverse effects. The review discusses the late sequelae following treatment and evidence supporting the role of physical activity in their management. In conclusion, there is a need for personalized physical activity plans to be developed to suit the individual and their circumstances.
Highlights
Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer overall with 1.7 million new cases reported worldwide
The oncogene human epidermal growth factor 2-neu (HER2) is overexpressed in around 20% of all cases while the remaining 20% are negative for the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), PR, and HER2, known as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) [5, 6]
About 12–51% of patients complain of pain after treatment [28], which might be of the following two types: (i) musculoskeletal pain resulting from injuries to muscle and ligaments that usually heal and are more likely to be transient and (ii) neuropathic pain from damage to the nerve tissue, which may become a more persistent problem [29]
Summary
The chronicity of the disease produces long-term physiological and psychological manifestations, which adversely affect the quality of life of the individual. The primary treatment while managing cancer presents with various debilitating side effects. Patients seem to cope well with the stress of treatment of BC and sustain a normal life; the deterioration in physical well-being makes the patient functionally inefficient. This review briefly presents an overview of the burden of the disease and its management strategies. Owing to the heterogeneity of the population and the multitude of therapies they receive, the response of each patient to treatment is different and so is the magnitude of adverse effects. The review discusses the late sequelae following treatment and evidence supporting the role of physical activity in their management.
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