Efficacy of a mindfulness-based programme with and without virtual reality support to reduce stress in university students: A randomized controlled trial

Abstract

ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of a mindfulness-based programme (MBP) for reducing stress in university students and its action mechanisms and to explore the capacity of virtual reality (VR) exposure to enhance adherence to the intervention. MethodsThis randomized controlled trial (RCT) involved assessment time points of baseline, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. A total of 280 students from two Spanish universities were randomly assigned to ‘MBP’, ‘MBP + VR’, or ‘Relaxation’ (active controls). Perceived stress posttreatment was the primary outcome; wellbeing and academic functional outcomes were assessed as well. Multilevel mixed-effects models were performed to estimate the efficacy of the programme. ResultsBoth ‘MBP’ (B = −2.77, d = −0.72, p = .006) and ‘MBP + VR’ (B = −2.44, d = −0.59, p = .014) were superior to ‘Relaxation’ in improving stress, as well as most of the secondary outcomes, with medium-to-large effects posttreatment and at follow-up. The long-term effects of MBPs on stress were mediated by mindfulness and self-compassion in parallel. Treatment adherence was improved in the ‘MBP + VR’ group, with higher retention rates and session attendance (p < .001). ConclusionsThis RCT supports the efficacy of an MBP compared to relaxation for reducing stress in university students through mindfulness and self-compassion as mechanisms of change. VR exposure may enhance treatment adherence. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03771300.