Abstract
Weed management in blackgram is one of the most efficient ways to improve its yield, as uncontrolled weed growth causes a significant decrease in crop yield. A field experiment was performed at Berthin, Himachal Pradesh, India, to investigate the efficacy, energy use efficiency (EUE), and carbon footprints of weed management tactics. Twelve weed control treatments were tested applied alone or in combination at pre and post emergence stages. The most prominent weeds were Cyperus iria, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, and Echinochloa colona, which caused a 68.1% loss in unweeded conditions. The application of weed control treatments reduced the weed count at 60 DAS from around 50% to 90%. The most efficient weed control treatment was pre-emergence (PRE) use of ready mix imazethapyr 35% + imazamox 35% WG @ 80 g ha−1, which resulted in a minimum weed infestation (i.e., weed count and weed biomass) and consequently highest yield. Its efficacy in weed control treatment was on par with PRE use of ready mix imazethapyr (35%) + imazamox (35% WG @ 70 g ha−1. Maximum energy use efficiency was also obtained upon PRE use of imazethapyr (35%) + imazamox (35% WG) @ 80 g ha−1 (8.27), trailed by PRE use of imazethapyr + imazamox @ 70 g ha−1 (7.84), mainly because of the higher yield obtained in these treatments which shows their efficiency in energy conversion. The carbon footprints were observed to be the lowest in ready mix combination of imazethapyr (35%) + imazamox (35% WG) applied at 80 g ha−1 (0.11 kg CE kg−1 yield), followed by imazethapyr (35%) + imazamox (35% WG) applied at 70 g ha−1 (0.12 kg CE kg−1 yield), as it resulted in the lowest emission per unit output production.
Highlights
The data on weed count were discussed at 2 months (60 days after sowing (DAS)), where the maximum weed population was recorded, while the maximum weed dry matter was discussed at harvest
Other weed flora consisted of Physalis minima, Medicago denticulata, Convolvulus arvensis, Commelina benghalensis, and Sorghum halepense, which were observed during other growth stages in weed control treatments other than the unweeded check
The use of herbicides controlled the weed infestation and raised the crop yield by more than double when compared with the unweeded check
Summary
Weeds are a major factor in the yield reduction of crops as they cause more economic losses than insects, fungi, and other pests. There is a significant difference in economic losses by weeds between various crops, locations, and soil types [1]. Hepper) is the fourth most valuable pulse crop, followed by chickpea, pigeonpea, and greengram [3]. It is cultivated in an area of 9000 ha in Himachal Pradesh, India, and produces around seven thousand tonnes with a mean production of 733 kg ha−1 [4,5]. The major weeds of blackgram crop observed in Himachal Pradesh are Echinochloa sp., Dactyloctenium aegyptium, and Cyperus iria, Sustainability 2021, 13, 13239.
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