Abstract
Mosquitoes are a great menace for humankind since they transmit pathogenic organisms causing Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, Elephantiasis and Japanese encephalitis. There is an urgent need to discover new and novel biological tools to mitigate mosquito-borne diseases. To develop bioinsecticides through newly developed nanotechnology is another option in the present research scenario. In this study we synthesize and characterize sardine fish scales with silver nitrate by adopting various instrumental techniques such as UV- and FTIR-spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDAX), X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Toxicity bioassays were conducted with young developmental stages of mosquito vectors. Significant mortality appeared after different life stages of mosquito vectors (young larval and pupal instars were exposed to the nanomaterials). LC50 values were 13.261 ppm for young first instar larvae and 32.182 ppm for pupae. Feeding and predatory potential of G. affinis, before and after exposure to nanoparticles against mosquito larval (I & II) instars of the mosquitoes showed promising results in laboratory experiments. Feeding potential of mosquito fish without nanoparticle treatment was 79.7% and 70.55% for the first and second instar larval populations respectively. At the nanoparticle-exposed situation the predatory efficiency of mosquitofish was 94.15% and 84.3%, respectively. Antioxidant enzymes like (SOD), (CAT), and (LPO) were estimated in the gill region of sardine fish in control and experimental waters. A significant reduction of egg hatchability was evident after nanoparticle application. It became evident from this study that the nano-fabricated materials provide suitable tools to control the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi in the aquatic phase of its life cycle. This finding suggests an effective novel approach to mosquito control.
Highlights
Mosquitoes are a great menace for humankind since they transmit pathogenic organisms causing Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, Elephantiasis and Japanese encephalitis
Due to the negative impacts of insecticidal synthetic chemicals on the environment, we have investigated the toxicological, ecological and physiological status of animals and their mode of action being of paramount importance[20,21]
Fish scales were transferred to the Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, were washed thoroughly for discarded abdicable wreckages, air-dried, and stored at − 60 °C while waiting for the process for no more than 30 days; A gNO3, superoxide dismutase (SOD), CAT, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) enzyme analytical kits and other chemicals were purchased from Sigma Chemicals in the USA
Summary
Mosquitoes are a great menace for humankind since they transmit pathogenic organisms causing Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, Elephantiasis and Japanese encephalitis. It became evident from this study that the nano-fabricated materials provide suitable tools to control the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi in the aquatic phase of its life cycle This finding suggests an effective novel approach to mosquito control. We used bio-fabricated silver nanomaterials from fish scales (Fig. 1) These materials were nano-characterized by adopting various instrumentation techniques for the following issues: (i) Toxicity effect of biosynthesized fish scale-nanomaterials on the larvae and pupae of An. stephensi and studied the life history performance and ovicidal effect; (ii) predatory potential of fish on mosquito larvae in contaminated environments; (iii) impact of bio-fabricated fish nanomaterials on the concentrations of superoxide dismutase, catalase and lipid peroxidase enzymes in the gill region of the teleost fish G. affinis
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