Abstract
Background and Aim:The soft tick Ornithodoros savignyi is distributed throughout Africa, including Egypt. It primarily attacks camels, cattle, donkeys, and cows; and rarely affects humans. This study evaluated the acaricidal efficacy of ethanolic Curcuma longa extract (Turmeric) on the second nymphs of O. savignyi and then investigated the safety of this herb in rabbits.Materials and Methods:The nymphs were immersed in 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, and 0.625 mg/ml ethanolic C. longa extract. An additional group was immersed in ethanol as a control. On the 1st, 7th, and 15th-day post-treatment, the mortality percentages, LC50, and LC95 were calculated. The ticks exposed to 10mg/ml ethanol C. longa extract were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Three male New Zealand White rabbits were orally administered 2ml (two doses) of 10mg/ml ethanolic C. longa extract, and another three rabbits were orally given two doses of 2ml of absolute ethanol as a negative control. Histopathological examination of the kidney and liver hematology and the kidney and liver function was performed. Chemical analysis of the extract was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Results:The LC50 and LC95 were 1.31 and 15.07, 1.07 and 8.56, and 0.81 and 6.97mg/ml on the 1st, 7th, and 15thday, respectively. SEM revealed that mamillae and spots on the surfaces of the treated ticks were not discriminating except for some clefts on the surfaces. The histological examination, blood profile, and biochemical analyses revealed no significant differences between the treated and untreated rabbits (p>0.05). GC/MS analysis revealed 50 compounds, and curcumene and tumerone were found to be the major constituents of this ethanolic extract.Conclusion:The ethanolic C. longa extract produced a strong acaricidal effect on the second nymph of O. savignyi, and it was safe to use in rabbits.
Highlights
Ornithodoros savignyi is distributed throughout Africa, including Egypt
The ethanolic C. longa extract produced a strong acaricidal effect on the second nymph of O. savignyi, and it was safe to use in rabbits
There were changes evident in the O. savignyi nymphs treated with 10 mg/ml of the ethanolic C. longa extract compared to that of the controls treated with ethanol
Summary
Ornithodoros savignyi is distributed throughout Africa, including Egypt It primarily attacks animals (camels, cattle, donkeys, and cows); rare cases have been found in humans [1,2]. Bites from these ticks cause severe biting stress, paralysis, and toxicosis [1,3]. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. The soft tick Ornithodoros savignyi is distributed throughout Africa, including Egypt It primarily attacks camels, cattle, donkeys, and cows; and rarely affects humans. This study evaluated the acaricidal efficacy of ethanolic Curcuma longa extract (Turmeric) on the second nymphs of O. savignyi and investigated the safety of this herb in rabbits
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