Efficacy and safety of denosumab de‑escalation in giant cell tumor of bone.

Abstract

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a locally aggressive intermediate bone tumor. Denosumab has shown effectiveness in GCTB treatment; however, the benefits of denosumab de-escalation for unresectable GCTB have not been well discussed. The present study investigated the efficacy and safety of denosumab de-escalation for GCTB. The medical records of 9 patients with unresectable GCTB or resectable GCTB not eligible for resection, who received de-escalated denosumab treatment at Okayama University Hospital (Okayama, Japan) between April 2014 and December 2021, were retrospectively reviewed. The denosumab treatment interval was gradually extended to every 8, 12 and 24 weeks. The radiographic changes and clinical symptoms during standard and de-escalated denosumab therapy were assessed. The denosumab interval was de-escalated after a median of 12 months of a standard 4-weekly treatment. Imaging showed that the re-ossification of osteolytic lesions obtained with the 4-weekly treatment were sustained with 8- and 12-weekly treatments. The extraskeletal masses reduced significantly with standard treatment, while tumor reduction was sustained during de-escalated treatment. During the 24-weekly treatment, 2 patients remained stable, while 2 patients developed local recurrence. The clinical symptoms improved significantly with standard treatment and remained improved during de-escalated treatment. There were severe adverse events including osteonecrosis of the jaw (2 patients), atypical femoral fracture (1 patient) and malignant transformation of GCTB (1 patient). In conclusion, 12-weekly de-escalated denosumab treatment showed clinical benefits as a maintenance treatment in patients with unresectable GCTB, in addition to sustained stable tumor control and improved clinical symptoms with standard treatment. A 24-weekly treatment can also be administered, with careful attention paid to detecting local recurrence.