Abstract
To maximize brain plasticity after stroke, a plethora of rehabilitation strategies have been explored. These include the use of intensive motor training, motor-imagery (MI), and action-observation (AO). Growing evidence of the positive impact of virtual reality (VR) techniques on recovery following stroke has been shown. However, most VR tools are designed to exploit active movement, and hence patients with low level of motor control cannot fully benefit from them. Consequently, the idea of directly training the central nervous system has been promoted by utilizing MI with electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). To date, detailed information on which VR strategies lead to successful functional recovery is still largely missing and very little is known on how to optimally integrate EEG-based BCIs and VR paradigms for stroke rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of an EEG-based BCI-VR system using a MI paradigm for post-stroke upper limb rehabilitation on functional assessments, and related changes in MI ability and brain imaging. To achieve this, a 60 years old male chronic stroke patient was recruited. The patient underwent a 3-week intervention in a clinical environment, resulting in 10 BCI-VR training sessions. The patient was assessed before and after intervention, as well as on a one-month follow-up, in terms of clinical scales and brain imaging using functional MRI (fMRI). Consistent with prior research, we found important improvements in upper extremity scores (Fugl-Meyer) and identified increases in brain activation measured by fMRI that suggest neuroplastic changes in brain motor networks. This study expands on the current body of evidence, as more data are needed on the effect of this type of interventions not only on functional improvement but also on the effect of the intervention on plasticity through brain imaging.
Highlights
Worldwide, stroke is a leading cause of adult long-term disability (Mozaffarian et al, 2015)
We present the results from the clinical scales, the MI capability assessment and the functional MRI (fMRI) data, obtained in the three time-periods
Clinical scales illustrated improvements in motor function, electrophysiological data showed an increase in brain activation -similar to healthy subjects and brainimaging data have showed the effect of MI training and virtual reality (VR) feedback, promoting plastic changes in the targeted areas of the brain
Summary
Stroke is a leading cause of adult long-term disability (Mozaffarian et al, 2015). From those who survive, an increased number is suffering with severe cognitive and motor impairments, resulting in loss of independence in their daily life such as self-care tasks and participation in social activities (Miller et al, 2010). There is increasing evidence that chronic stoke patients maintain brain plasticity, meaning that there is still potential for additional recovery (Page et al, 2004). After patients complete subacute rehabilitation programs, many still show significant upper limb motor impairment. This has important functional implications that reduce their quality of life. Alternative methods to maximize brain plasticity after stroke need to be developed
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