Abstract
Efferocytosis, i.e., engulfment of dead cells by macrophages, is a crucial step during tissue repair after an injury. Efferocytosis delineates the transition from the pro-inflammatory phase of the inflammatory response to the recovery phase that ensures tissue reconstruction. We present here the role of efferocytosis during skeletal muscle regeneration, which is a paradigm of sterile tissue injury followed by a complete regeneration. We present the molecular mechanisms that have been described to control this process, and particularly the metabolic control of efferocytosis during skeletal muscle regeneration.
Highlights
IntroductionMacrophages control the inflammatory response after tissue injury
During skeletal muscle regeneration, efferocytosis is a major event for the resolution of inflammation, associated with specific activation of metabolic regulators associated with mitochondria function
Annexin A1, which is expressed by neutrophils and pro-inflammatory macrophages, activates AMP kinase (AMPK) in macrophages through its FPR2/AXL receptor, driving the resolution of inflammation [15]
Summary
Macrophages control the inflammatory response after tissue injury. One of their primary duties is to cleanse the cell debris of the injured area through phagocytosis. Engulfment of cell debris has been described as non-phlogistic phagocytosis, efferocytosis. We present the role of efferocytosis during skeletal muscle regeneration, which is a paradigm of sterile tissue injury followed by a complete regeneration. Skeletal muscle is composed of myofibers which are syncytial cells with hundreds of myonuclei. Substantial advance has been made in our understanding of the role of macrophages and the pivotal role of efferocytosis that shifts their inflammatory profile and functions, delineating the transition from the pro-inflammatory phase of the inflammatory response to the recovery phase that ensures tissue reconstruction
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