Abstract
BackgroundThis systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of whey protein on serum lipoproteins and glycemic status in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and related disorders.MethodsOnline databases, such as Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed and Scopus were systematically searched by two independent authors from inception until 30th April 2020 for English randomized clinical trials investigating the efficacy of whey protein administration in subjects with Mets or related conditions on the parameters of glycemic and lipid control compared to certain control. In order to evaluate the included studies’ methodological quality, Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool was applied. Using Cochrane’s Q test and I-square (I2) statistic, the included trials’ heterogeneity was also examined. Using a random-effects model, data were pooled, and weighted mean difference (WMD) was considered as the overall effect size.ResultsTwenty-two studies were selected to be included in this meta-analysis. Consumption of whey protein resulted in significant reduction of HbA1c (WMD: -0.15; 95% CI: − 0.29, − 0.01) insulin (WMD: -0.94; 95% CI: − 1.68, − 0.21) and homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD: -0.20; 95% CI: − 0.36, − 0.05). A significant reduction in triglycerides levels (WMD: -17.12; 95% CI: − 26.52, − 7.72), total cholesterol (WMD: -10.88; 95% CI -18.60, − 3.17), LDL-cholesterol levels (WMD: -8.47 95% CI: − 16.59, − 0.36) and total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (WMD: -0.26; 95% CI: − 0.41, − 0.10) was found as well.ConclusionsThis meta-analysis suggests that supplementation with whey protein had beneficial effect on several indicators of glycemic control and lipid parameters in patients with MetS and related conditions.
Highlights
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of whey protein on serum lipoproteins and glycemic status in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and related disorders
The strategy of search and keywords are presented in Supplemental file- Table 1; This meta-analysis was conducted to determine the efficacy of whey protein on the following outcomes: parameters of glycemic control including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin levels, HOMA-Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (IR), Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and lipid profiles including triglycerides levels, total, high density lipoprotein (HDL-), low density lipoprotein (LDL-), and very density lipoprotein (VLDL-) cholesterol levels in fasting state and the total/HDL-cholesterol ratio
For the first time, this meta-analysis analyzed whey protein effects on serum lipoproteins and parameters of glucose homeostasis in patients with MetS and related disorders. It indicated that whey protein might improve insulin, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), HbA1c triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio in MetS and related disorders, but it had no effects on HDL-cholesterol and FPG levels
Summary
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of whey protein on serum lipoproteins and glycemic status in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and related disorders. Often there is a clustering of these risk factors in one patient which is called metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [1]. It is estimated that over 20% of adults in Western countries have MetS with a clear tendency to increase [2, 3]. Many studies in healthy populations as well as in patients have reported that higher dairy consumption decreases the risk of MetS or some of the components of MetS and diabetes [4, 5]. It has been documented that specific components of dairy, including calcium, other minerals, and proteins such as whey proteins and casein [6], may have favorable effects on these risk factors
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