Effects of Water Masses and Circulation on the Surface Water Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in Summer in Eastern Beibu Gulf, China

Abstract

A gulf is a typical ecological zone where carbon cycle is jointly affected by complex environmental factors and strong human activities, and the Beibu Gulf has complex water masses and circulation structures. In this study, we used underway, continuous observational data of the surface water partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), temperature (SST), salinity (SSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll α along with vertical profile observations of temperature, salinity, carbonate system parameters and nutrients to determine the spatiotemporal variations and research effects of water masses and circulation on summer pCO2 in the eastern part of Beibu Gulf. In the summers of 2011 and 2014, the mean pCO2 in the eastern part of Beibu Gulf was 417 μatm and 405 μatm, respectively, and the mean sea–air CO2 flux was 3.3 mmol m−2 d−1 and 1.6 mmol m−2 d−1, respectively. In the summer of 2011, the northern part of the Beibu Gulf was controlled by a cyclonic circulation, and pCO2 at the center of the cyclonic circulation increased by more than 15 μatm to a mean value of more than 10 μatm above that of the surrounding waters. The southern part of the Beibu Gulf was affected by an anticyclonic circulation and western coastal water masses, with a high temperature, low salinity, low pCO2, and downwelling surface waters. In the summer of 2011, the mean pCO2 was approximately 17 μatm lower than that in the surrounding waters, and no clear downwelling was observed in summer 2014. The eastern part of Beibu Gulf was a source of atmospheric CO2 in the summer, only the region affected by the northern coastal water in the eastern part of Beibu Gulf was a sink of atmospheric CO2, and pCO2 had distinctly different spatiotemporal distributions under the influence of complex water masses and circulation structures.